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Public Health Topics For Research Paper
Thursday, August 27, 2020
Engineering Marvels of the Roman Empire free essay sample
Rome flaunted numerous unimaginable tourist spots. Here was found the incomparable Coliseum where numerous gladiatorial games were held for the diversion of the roman residents. Here additionally was the Circus Maximus. This noteworthy arena held chariot races that could equal present day NASCAR. Everywhere throughout the Roman Empire one could locate the numerous wonderful designing accomplishments of the Romans. Regardless of whether it is the resourcefulness of the Aqueducts or the momentous arena intended to situate 70,000 individuals serenely, the Romans were by a long shot the top architects of their occasions. Since the Roman Empire was so unimaginably huge, they required some innovative approaches to take care of the issues that can confront any realm or city. Their residents required food, water, transportation, cash, lodging, and diversion. The Romans strategies for taking care of these issues were completely splendid. The first and most essential need that should have been tackled was water, and the Romans settled that issue effortlessly. Their residents required food, water, transportation, cash, lodging, and diversion. The Romans techniques for taking care of these issues were totally splendid. The first and most essential need that should have been tackled was water, and the Romans settled that issue effortlessly. The arrangement they discovered was the Aqueduct. The Roman Aqueducts were shocking bits of designing. The Aqueducts every now and again utilized the curve in their development. The curves made them fit for crossing huge holes in the scene just as give them included help. These frameworks were equipped for shipping water from more than 50 miles away into a city. At the stature of the Roman Empire, there were more than 200 urban areas that had their water provided by reservoir conduits. Rome itself had 11 separate Aqueducts driving into the city. The longest one, the Aqua Novus, extended from 59 miles away into the city. At the peak of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome had around 1,000,000 residents. With such a huge people the interest for water was incredibly high. Indeed, even with those huge requests the Aqueduct framework was as yet ready to perform. It conveyed a staggering 1 cubic meter of water per individual. This sum is more than is accessible in most cutting edge urban areas. This water was utilized for day by day life and Rome was even outfitted with its own working pipes framework. Another extraordinary accomplishment of achievement for the Romans was the open showers. These showers were taken care of water by the Aqueducts and were accessible to every single roman resident. The best of these showers were the Baths of Diocletian. This complex could contain 3,000 bathers one after another. They were worked in such a style, that the sun would warm the showers and keep the water warm for the duration of the day. The showers were just ready to exist as a result of the Aqueduct framework (UNRV History of Aqueducts). The building wonders didn't end there. The realm required assets, for example, gold and silver. Their one of a kind and imaginative mining procedures and devices were genuinely building wonders. All through the Roman Empire there was a lot of land with copious mineral assets. The Romans knew this thus they expected to figure out how to exhume that material. To do this they built up specific frameworks of mining and one of a kind instruments to achieve the activity. For surface mining, that is mining with the uncovered veins on the outside of a stone face, the Romans would utilize their water channel framework in a one of a kind way. The would run the water from a close by stream utilizing the reservoir conduits and flush away all the free soil and shakes along these lines leaving the veins uncovered and prepared for mining. They would then burrow little passages at the surface and strip mine the stones. The Romans likewise actualized the Archimedes Screw into their mining ventures. They would utilize the screw to evacuate abundance water that was in the passages. Another method that the Romans utilized was call strip mining. This was an incredibly hazardous and dangerous undertaking and was just utilized for very valuable metals, for example, silver or gold. The manner in which this was done was to burrow a huge shaft straight down from the highest point of the mountain. At the point when any veins were discovered, flat shafts were then burrowed. You can figure the issues that the Romans confronted while doing this. There was poor lighting in the passages and furthermore there was water in the passages (Lynne Cohen Duncan). Indeed, even disregarding these obstructions the Romans won and there domain was wealthy in valuable metals. Be that as it may, what great is cash in the event that it had no utilization? The individuals of Rome required amusement and the roman specialists were capable and had the wealth of a realm available to them. In view of the numerous clever procedures and arrangements the Romans made, their realm left an enduring inheritance on the world. Despite the fact that the Romans might not have designed every single new material, they discovered amazingly one of a kind and splendid ways. Their frameworks and achievements made their realm an enduring one. Their wonders despite everything can be seen today and it is obscure to what extent the future will hold them for some more to see.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Essay --
Mission statement I am appreciative for giving me this chance and it is with true feeling of satisfaction that I do pen my short mission statement. I finished under graduation in Computer Science Engineering from VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology partnered by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. Being an undergrad understudy, I remain at a point where I need to choose my future in order to improve my insight and aptitudes. Now I need to take right decision of college to seek after an advanced education. Graduate examination encourages me in honing my abilities and mission proficient introduction. Undergrad program is an expansive based organized course with solid essentials yet offers restricted extent of specialization. In this way, I feel that the alumni course would clear approach to gain specialization in my field of intrigue. In the accompanying sections I will clarify my enthusiasm for seeking after an alumni program in Computer Science. Through under alumni examines I have learnt numerous ideas and it gave me a firm establishing in number of Computer Science Engineering related ideas. During my tutoring, I was acquainted with PC rudiments and I additionally feel that one ought to have capability in more than one field. I discovered this PC information combined with my under-graduation foundation would be profitable to seek after a vocation in Computer Science During my under-graduation, I was acquainted with different subjects like Computer Organization, Computer Networks, and Operating Systems and programming dialects like C,C++,JAVA. I am familiar with working frameworks like MS-DOS, WINDOWS. I created enthusiasm for the field of systems administration from the time I began to find out about LAN and I... ...spirations I wish to seek after my instruction at a school prestigious for its great research offices, famous staff and great nature of understudy life. I feel that best in class graduate examination at your college is best sort of instruction with the earth to accomplish my objectives due to adaptability in learning frameworks and modern foundation accessible and the idea of research going on. Going to your renowned organization would offer me a chance to get significant level instruction under the direction of noticeable educators. I would respect my admission to UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL MISSOURI as a significant privilege as well as an extraordinary obligation and challenge to substantiate myself. Thus, I demand that my application be considered for affirmation with conceivable budgetary guide and assistantship. Much obliged to you for your time and thought. High Regards, VAMSHI NENAVATH.
Friday, August 21, 2020
How to Write Effective Essays - A Simple Guide
How to Write Effective Essays - A Simple GuideHow to write effective essays is an important skill that all students should be able to develop. Essays can be a great way for students to learn how to think, how to communicate ideas effectively, and they can be an easy way for students to pass their courses. Yet many students find it difficult to write even the simplest essay.Writing effective essays requires a lot of planning. It requires a thorough knowledge of the topic and the ability to write in a coherent and well-organized manner. Because writing an essay is an integral part of the overall learning process, it is a skill that must be developed from early on in a student's academic career.There are several factors that make writing an essay difficult. For one thing, an essay can take as long as four or five hours to complete. Because of this length, there is a high chance that a student will forget the ideas and concepts he has learned in class. In addition, many people find it di fficult to actually express themselves in writing. While there are certain exercises that can help with this difficulty, the problem is in knowing how to properly express oneself in essay form.The first step toward developing this skill is to boost a student's confidence so that he can properly express himself in writing. By taking a few pointers about how to write effective essays, a student can not only be confident in his thoughts, but also in his ability to relate them to other people and ideas.Students should begin by getting used to writing as much as possible in terms of the text style, spacing, and punctuation used in effective essays. Many students simply don't know how to start an essay. They either don't know how much to read into a given passage, or they do not know how to best convey the information. By taking the time to determine how long the essay should be, and how much thought should go into it, a student can begin to build his confidence in this area.As an example , it is recommended that any essay about ethics or politics first discuss those topics in a bit more detail. After this, a student can begin to explore the important parts of the argument in the next sentence. This is an easy way to begin to develop the proper sentence structure and how to best express an idea in writing.The second step in this process is to ensure that a student takes the time to outline an essay for him to read without going over his allotted time. With the outline, the student can make sure that the words he writes fit the important points he needs to make in the essay. In many cases, students write too little, thus losing all the benefits of their writing.Finally, it is important to continue to learn how to write effective essays as a student progresses in his or her education. By consistently practicing, a student can perfect his or her skills and improve on the reading and writing skills that he or she already possesses.
Monday, May 25, 2020
Facebook Is An Online Social Networking - 1079 Words
Facebook is an online social networking website founded by Mark Zuckerberg along with his fellow Harvard College roommates Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes. The website allows you to create your own wall on which you can share images, personal information, videos etc. Through the siteââ¬â¢s messaging feature persons are able to connect with friends, families and many other people around the globe. The success and popularity of the website has attracted over a billion users including businesses who use it to promote and build relationships with their customers. Facebook is ranked number two amongst major social networking websites, boasting over 1.44 billion monthly active users. In addition to its initial and core platform, the company has acquired other successful platforms including Instagram and WhatsApp and currently, its growth is only increasing in terms of popularity and revenue. Facebook has greatly affected the lives and activities of people worldwide, whether it be personal, business, or politics. The External Environment Scan The General Environment The general environment is composed of forces that exists outside a company in the broader society that has an indirect influence in an industry and the firms within it. Although a company has no control over these forces, they evaluate the segments of the general environment to predict trends, changes and recognize opportunities and threats. The segments of the general environmentShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Online Networking On Young Generation1426 Words à |à 6 PagesDiscussion 4 2.1 Extent Use of Social 7 2.2 Implications for Future Study 8 3.0 Research questions 9 4.0 Glossary of terms 10 5.0 References 11 6.0 Biblography 12 ââ¬Æ' 1.0 Introduction New improvements in the scientific world have built the web a creative manner for individuals groups to broadcast. Online networking systems have made a wonder on the web that has earn demand over last ten years. Individuals use online networking sites, for example, Twitter, Myspace and Facebook to make and support connectionsRead MoreFacebook s Impact On Social Networking1309 Words à |à 6 PagesCompany Brief: The ââ¬Å"Facebookâ⬠we currently use was originally named ââ¬Å"The Facebookâ⬠which was born on February 4th, 2004. The Ceo of the Facebook is named Mark Zuckerberg; Zuckerberg attended Harvard University while creating ââ¬Å"The Facebookâ⬠. The social networking website was originally created for Harvard University only students but was later released to all Colleges and schools allowing the website to spread. Yahoo Finance states,â⬠Facebook allows users to share information, post photos and videosRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1303 Words à |à 6 Pagestechnology, online social networking has taken on society by storm. Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and Instagram are just to name a few of the objects of mass consumption and insatiable obsession. Those online social network sites have become an influential and integral aspect in our daily lives. They have a tremendous impact on society through its persistently active users, whether or not it is directly or indirectly. In fact, the stability and wellbeing of society revolve around social media due toRead MoreSocial Networking Effects On The Socialization Of People1302 Words à |à 6 Pages What if Facebook was used to its fullest potential? In twelve years the social networking site has surely grown quite a bit from the site intended to allow Harvard students to connect with one another. Today, Facebook is a site filled with advertisements and cheaply made free-to-play games. Cat pictures and cheery posts that say, ââ¬Å"Like/share if you love Jesus!â⬠riddle the landscape of a service that is supposed to be actually connecting people. Things like this have led people to loseRead MoreSocial Networking Sites1614 Words à |à 7 PagesSocial networking sites Online social networking site is a very common tool for communicating and socializing with each other. Nowadays, most of the adolescent like to use Facebook. There is a rapid growth of the number of user of social networking sites. According the recent research, Kreutz (2009) stated that ââ¬Å"starting from 1997 to 2010 there are some 1.5 billion users of social networking websitesâ⬠(p.222). This shows that how popular the social networking site is. Although many parents thinkRead MoreSocial Networking in the Classroom671 Words à |à 3 Pagesdifficult to walk in to a classroom and not see a social networking site on a studentââ¬â¢s phone, IPad or laptop screen. Social media is a highly used by college students, high school students and some middle school student. The most popular social networking site is Facebook. The newest social networking site is Instagram. About 90% of undergraduates on the majority of college campuses and 90% of high school students use social me dia sites, creating online profiles of themselves and adding other usersRead MoreEssay about The Perils of Social Networking1403 Words à |à 6 PagesSocial networking sites, such as Facebook, promote sharing of personal information, dissemination of potential misinformation regarding activism and leaves users in danger of incurring many other offenses. Before the internet, peopleââ¬â¢s expectations were only as pressing as the technology that they had at their fingertips. These days, instant gratification is a conceivable reality and many people feel that they must have a cell phone, use email and would be culturally remiss without participationRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Are Beneficial Or Harmful?1713 Words à |à 7 PagesThere is much controversy on whether or not social networking sites are beneficial or harmful to society. Sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have become an important part in the everyday lives of many adolescents, teenagers and young adults. They have become such an important part of the lives of the younger crowd that older generations refer to them as ââ¬Å"the wired generationâ⬠(Jacobsen, 2011). Many question whether or not this new ââ¬Å"wired generationâ⬠is positive of negative. Different peopleRead MoreThe Strength of Social Networking Sites Essay1476 Words à |à 6 Pagesbecome a lot easier with social networking sites allowing us to communicate with people through technological devices. Facebook, being one of many social networking sites, allows people to connect with friends and family in our surroundings and across the seas. Originally, Facebook was started in a Harvard dorm room in 2003 by one of its students, Mark Zuckerburg. It began as a social network for Harvard students and then quickly expanded to universities across America. Facebook, as we know it todayRead MoreThe Use of Social Networking Sites1657 Words à |à 7 PagesAdvantages, Abuses and Dangers. Their Advantages, Abuses and Dangers. The Use of Social Networking Sites The Use of Social Networking Sites Introduction: Human beings by and large are social. They feel an inherent need to connect and expand their connections. There is a deep rooted need among humans to share. In the past, due to geographical distances and economic concerns, connections between people were limited. A social network is made up of individuals that are connected to one another by a particular
Friday, May 15, 2020
The Who, What, and Why of Substance Abuse Essay - 666 Words
Substance abuse is the habitual use of mind altering substances (Substances). Addicts have a false or altered look on reality; they need help seeing what is wrong with the life style they are living. Nikki Sixx once said,â⬠Addiction- When you can give something up at any time, as long as itââ¬â¢s next Tuesday!â⬠Recovery is teaching a person to break old habits. Substance abuse counselors are very important, not only in the mental health field, but in society as well. There are many options when it comes to recovery, for example it provides addicts a way to get moral support and sober-living help from others that are suffering from the same neuro-disease. One of the most important of recovery is support groups and meetings, which are set upâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦AA and Na meetings are nationwide. Most meetings are set up in church basements, treatment facilities, hospitals and recovery clubs (Twelve). In AA and NA an addict chooses a sponsor to share a personal and private relationship that provides experience, strength, and hope with sponsee. A counselor helps people come up from the lowest part of their life. To do this they have to have certain personality qualities. Addiction flows though all walks of life; interpersonal skills are needed. Interpersonal skills include: listening, communication, problem solving, and decision making. A professional needs to have these skills to assess the severity of the addiction and develop and treatment plan (Substance). It is a Substance Abuse Counselors (SAC) job to identify the severity of oneââ¬â¢s addiction and what triggers it. While evaluating a clientââ¬â¢s mental and physical health, and addictive behavior. SACs do not only help the client but the families, too; advising them on warnings signs of relapse and how to help. An addict has to be read to see treatment, so counselors have to assess reediness for treatment to know how to treat a patient (Substance). Addiction is a life long i llness and addicts need help not only with recovery, but with daily necessities, like acquiring a job. SACS recommend job placements and support groups such as AA and NA so that one can find other people with the same difficulties as themselves (Substance). Counselors can specialize in certain groupsShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Is A Serious Condition892 Words à |à 4 PagesSubstance addiction afflicts one in twelve Americans and involves millions more family members and friends. The statistics are scary; in the United States an estimate of 88,000 deaths a year is a result of excessive alcohol abuse while deaths from cigarette smoke exceed 480,000 a year. About 100 Americans per day died from drug overdose in 2013(Kane, G. 2015). Substance abuse is a serious condition that should not be ignored or minim- ized. It is a devastating disease with serious social consequencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs On The Human Body1158 Words à |à 5 Pagesstreets ever since it became a nation. The abuse of substances has become more and more common on this society, that now thinking about legalizing one of its illicit drugs is a main political topic. Even though the United States has become a war on drugs country, many people in its society are still being affected. Out of all the substances that are being abuse in this country, there are three that outstand the rest. The three substances that are being abuse the most in our society are alcohol, marijuanaRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction Essay1198 Words à |à 5 Pagesbe said that many students are becoming addicted to caffeine? Yes, if the definition of addiction were simply a physiological dependence or tolerance. Could the man who misses work after a rough night of drinking be called an addict? Yes, if the definition of addiction w ere simply extreme misuse of a substance. While dependence and abuse are often used interchangeably with addiction, addiction is a disease that deserves recognition as a separate entity. Historically, addictionââ¬â¢s definition has mistakenlyRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Ever Growing Problem1510 Words à |à 7 PagesWhy has substance abuse in the field of nursing been on the rise for the past 100 years? Could it be because of the high levels of stress along with the incredible toll working in the field of nursing takes on the body? Several different reasoningââ¬â¢s have been brought forth throughout the years, but nothing changes the fact that this is an increasing problem that has to be dealt with within the profession. ââ¬Å"Addiction among nurses has been recognized by professionals in the field for over 100 yearsRead MoreSubstance Abuse : An Individual s Life1608 Words à |à 7 PagesSubstance abuse can be very detrimental to an individualââ¬â¢s life. According to the World Health Organization, substance abuse is defined as, ââ¬Å"the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugsâ⬠(2015). It does not matter what type of substance a person abuses, any one of them can alter oneââ¬â¢s perception, judgement, and physical control, which leads a person being destructive in the future. If a person is fully dependent on a substance, by the time they withdrawRead MoreAlcohol And Drug Use Among College Students960 Words à |à 4 Pagesin to get away from the stress of being a student. What begins as innocent fun can quickly lead to a self-destructive path. While often referred to as substance abuse, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 redefined it as; Substance Use Disorders and explains it to be as a cluster of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms which indicate that an individual continues to use a substance despite significant substance related problems (5th ed.; DSMââ¬â5; American PsychiatricRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Within Native American Societies Essay1303 Words à |à 6 PagesSubstance abuse is a topic most prefer not to discuss; it destr oys lives, relationships and families all over the world. Native Americans seem to have suffered immensely by it. Since the coming of the Englishmen and the introduction of new knowledge and tools Native people have been trying to hold on to their own culture and their own way of life. Unfortunately with them came new items for consumption, alcohol was one of the main ingredients to the internal downfall of Native populations. NativeRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction Counselor1393 Words à |à 6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Addiction Counselor Substance abuse as well as addiction is a topic many people choose to ignore or tend to believe that it does not affect them. Addiction itself does not seek out certain types of people but can affect anyone, at any time, for any reason. Stress, per pressure, financial trouble, even genetics all play a role in substance abuse and addiction. Unlike others, I donââ¬â¢t see substance abusers as weak willed but instead in need of guidance and someone to talk to aboutRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1670 Words à |à 7 PagesIn this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occur s with inside the home. I will be providing researchRead MoreSubstance Abuse : A Social Problem1608 Words à |à 7 Pages we must also take substance abuse into consideration because it is all too often neglected. According to the World Health Organization, substance abuse ââ¬Å"refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugsâ⬠(Substance). Individuals who become victims of substance abuse become dependent on and overindulge in substances such as drugs and alcohol. The outside forces in our world today influence behaviors including substance abuse, ultimately displaying
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Comparing Fortune and Nature in Canterbury Tales and As...
Fortune and Nature in Canterbury Tales and As You Like It The medieval world was a complicated place, full of the chain of being, astrological influences, elements and humors. A mans life was supposedly influenced by all manner of externals acting by destiny or chance. Fortune and Nature are two terms that include many of these factors, representing chance and inborn qualities. Shakespeare mentions the two frequently, most notably in an extended dialogue between Rosalind and Celia in As You Like It. Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales also provide many examples of Fortune and Natures combinations in human affairs. His Pardoners Tale, Millers Tale, and Wife of Baths Tale all depend on the effects of these two metaphysicalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Alisons Nature seems unclear to both John and Absolon, though Nicholas understands her well enough, and finds a Fortunate plan for removing her husband for a night. The Millers contrived yet humorous tale would not work without the complex interaction of the characters individual Natures and the vagaries of Fortune that allow Johns participation in Nicholas plot, Absolons attempted courtship, embarassing failure, and subsequent revenge, and Nicholas pained cry of Water! to unite in the humorous finale. The Wife of Bath arranges a similar juxtaposition for her story. Her lengthy prologue and much of her tale examines the Nature of women -- their behavior in and out of marriage. I wonder, though, how many of her habits result from Fortune as well, from being matched in her first three marriages with rich dotards who she could easily manipulate and control. Fortune throws the tempting maiden in the path of the errant knight -- And happed that, allone as he was born, / He sawgh a maide walking him biforn; / ...By verray force her rafte hir maiden- head. (ll. 891-2,894) Fortune also provides the knights last-minute meeting with the miraculous hag who rescues him -- And in his way it happed him to ride / ...No creature sawgh he that bar lif, / Save on the greene he sawgh sitting a wif. (ll. 995, 1003-4). The fairy hag orates at length on gentilnesse as a property of Nature (inborn quality and obvious action)Show MoreRelatedA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words à |à 209 Pagesprese nt be identified. No attempt has been made to impose a logical order on the illogicality of the book. Book I In the preface, after some autobiographical material, the author gives his reason for writing the work, which is to shed light on the nature of magic, a secret closely guarded by the ancient philosophers. He adds a summary of the contents of his four books (pp.1-3). This is replaced, in some manuscripts, by a detailed list of contents, arranged by chapter, of which a translation will beRead MoreVideo Notes29279 Words à |à 118 PagesW, Four Points, and St. Regis) had its own approach for working with planners. The video presents the problems with the old approach, and includes a point for instructors to ââ¬Å"pauseâ⬠the video, if desired, to discuss this question: ââ¬Å"What changes do you think Starwood implemented to turn this situation and the meeting planning process into a competitive weapon?â⬠After the break, the video wraps up by showing how Starwood resolved the issues of inconsistency and meeting planner expectations to create
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Effects of Romantic Relationship of Academic Performance free essay sample
I have convinced myself that there is absolutely nothing in the world, no sky, no earth, no minds, no bodies. Does it now follow that I, too, do not exist? No. If I convinced myself of something [or thought anything at all], then I certainly existed. But there is a deceiver of supreme power and cunning who deliberately and constantly deceives me. In that case, I, too, undoubtedly exist, if he deceives me; and let him deceive me as much as he can, he will never bring it about that I am nothing, so long as I think that I am something. So, after considering everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that the proposition,à I am, I exist,à is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind. (AT VII 25; CSM II 16ââ¬â17) There are three important notes to keep in mind here. First, he claims only the certainty ofà his ownà existence from the first-person point of view ââ¬â he has not proved the existence of other minds at this point. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Romantic Relationship of Academic Performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is something that has to be thought through by each of us for ourselves, as we follow the course of the meditations. Second, he does not say that his existence is necessary; he says thatà if he thinks, then necessarily he exists (see theà instantiation principle). Third, this proposition I am, I exist is held true not based on a deduction (as mentioned above) or on empirical induction but on the clarity and self-evidence of the proposition. Descartes does not use this first certainty, theà cogito, as a foundation upon which to build further knowledge; rather, it is the firm ground upon which he can stand as he works to restore his beliefs. As he puts it: Archimedes used to demand just one firm and immovable point in order to shift the entire earth; so I too can hope for great things if I manage to find just one thing, however slight, that is certain and unshakable. (AT VII 24; CSM II 16) According to many of Descartes specialists, includingà Etienne Gilson, the goal of Descartes in establishing this first truth is to demonstrate the capacity of his criterion ââ¬â the immediate clarity and distinctiveness of self-evident propositions ââ¬â to establish true and justified propositions despite having adopted a method of generalized doubt. As a consequence of this demonstration, Descartes considers science and mathematics to be justified to the extent that their proposals are established on a similarly immediate clarity, distinctiveness, and self-evidence that presents itself to the mind. The originality of Descartes thinking, therefore, is not so much in expressing the cogito ââ¬â a feat accomplished by other predecessors, as we shall see ââ¬â but on using the cogito as demonstrating the most fundamental epistemological principle, that science and mathematics are justified by relying on clarity, distinctiveness, and self-evidence. Baruch Spinozaà in Principia philosophiae cartesianae at itsà Prolegomenonà identified cogito ergo sum the ego sum cogitans (I am a thinking being) as the thinkingà substanceà with hisà ontologicalà interpretation. It can also be considered thatà Cogito ergo sumà is needed before any living being can go further in life. [3]
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